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One of the areas in which humanistic psychologists can make an impact is bioethics, where they can provide responses to such questions as: "What role can psychologists play in alerting people to the factors that have put the planet and its inhabitants at risk?", "What are the motives that compel some individuals to commit murder in school settings, and to kill civilians while serving overseas on military duty?", and "How can psychologists help traumatized people who are coping with the aftermath of an event that not only was life-threatening, but radically challenged their prevailing worldview, leading to what Greening and Vallejos (2013) have termed an existential shattering?" In focusing on this last question, one must acknowledge that there are numerous ways to treat PTSD (see Krippner, Pitchford, & Davies, 2012). Many of these treatments interweave and overlap with one another, and many have had high success rates in reducing or extinguishing stress-related symptoms. Sometimes a combination of treatment approaches produces especially positive results, where "meaning and connectedness to lived experiences can emerge" (Pitchford, 2009, p. 441). One size does not fit all (Steinkamp, 2014). Since each case of PTSD is different, an integrated approach will often provide something of value for those who experience it. Humanistic and existential psychotherapists typically take a whole person approach to their clients, a perspective reflected by Frewen and Lanius (2015), who have used electrophysiological monitoring to discern four elements of trauma-related states of consciousness, namely, time, thought, body, and emotion. The therapist's goal is to bring clients back to a normal waking consciousness, which can be done by using such humanistic procedures as reducing negative self-judgmental thoughts and feelings, restoring self-value, and establishing a client-therapist relationship that is safe, secure, and hopeful. From our perspective, successful PTSD therapy embraces all four of these elements to induce changes in the client's brain, belief system, and behaviors. All four are reflected in PTSD nightmares, which the brain processes differently from ordinary nightmares. Hence, a whole-person approach needs to include one of several useful therapies for transforming PTSD nightmares into ordinary 4 What role can psychologists play in alerting people to the factors that have put the planet and its inhabitants at risk? Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear / Routledge